• CME heights (with respect to the disk center) are measured at the fastest segment of the leading edge.
  • PA= Position Angle measured from Solar North in degrees (counter-clockwise)
  • Halo CMEs are indicated in the "Central PA" column. The letters ("S", "BA", "OA") in the brackets show type of halo CMEs. See examples.
  • Click on date to view Java script movie of the CME.
  • Click on time to see height-time measurements as a text file.
  • Click on speed to view height-time plots of the CME.
  • Beware of data gaps. Check for LASCO/C2 data gaps here.

  • A complete description of the catalog
  • Click here to search the entire catalog.

    First C2 Appearance
    Date Time [UT]
    Central
    PA
    [deg]
    Angular
    Width [deg]
    Linear
    Speed [km/s]
    2nd-order Speed at final height [km/s] 2nd-order Speed at 20 Rs [km/s] Accel
    [m/s2]
    Mass
    [gram]
    Kinetic
    Energy
    [erg]
    MPA [deg] Movies, plots, & links Remarks
    2013/07/01 01:12:05 109 90 580 531 533 -4.6*1 6.1e+14 1.0e+30 109 C2 C3 PHTX DST Java Movie
    2013/07/01 02:36:05 219 89 498 421 208 -11.9*1 4.3e+14 5.3e+29 236 C2 C3 PHTX DST Java Movie
    2013/07/01 08:12:05 7 98 71 200 309 4.0*1 3.1e+15 7.7e+28 9 C2 C3 PHTX DST Java Movie
    2013/07/01 20:24:05 123 208 819 888 851 6.2 1.3e+16*2 4.5e+31*2 90 C2 C3 PHTX DST Java Movie Partial Halo
    2013/07/02 18:24:06 88 35 590 597 598 0.8*1 2.3e+14 4.0e+29 89 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie
    2013/07/02 18:24:06 339 55 371 480 522 8.5*1 2.4e+13 1.6e+28 350 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie
    2013/07/03 00:00:05 332 44 206 273 451 8.1*1 1.5e+14 3.2e+28 324 C2 C3 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event
    2013/07/03 00:36:05 126 171 592 594 595 0.2 2.5e+15*2 4.3e+30*2 109 C2 C3 PHTX DST Java Movie Partial Halo
    2013/07/03 03:12:08 348 8 429 395 376 -3.0*1 ---- ---- 349 C2 C3 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event
    2013/07/03 04:36:05 329 42 253 499 466 9.1*1 6.1e+14 1.9e+29 329 C2 C3 PHTX DST Java Movie data gap during CME; Poor Event
    2013/07/03 07:24:05 137 >267 807 696 469 -26.1 3.4e+15*2 1.1e+31*2 105 C2 C3 PHTX DST Java Movie Uncertain Width; Partial Halo
    2013/07/03 18:00:05 92 18 263 195 0 -9.9*1 ---- ---- 92 C2 C3 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event
    2013/07/03 18:00:05 119 37 493 647 1013 38.0*1 2.6e+14 3.1e+29 118 C2 C3 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event
    2013/07/04 00:36:05 94 52 258 236 0 -3.5*1 3.8e+14 1.3e+29 108 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Very Poor Event
    2013/07/04 01:48:05 190 8 226 223 196 -0.6*1 ---- ---- 187 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Very Poor Event
    2013/07/04 04:12:05 106 66 195 402 629 16.9*1 1.1e+14 2.1e+28 109 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Very Poor Event
    2013/07/04 09:24:06 326 18 444 665 948 38.4*1 ---- ---- 326 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event
    2013/07/04 12:24:05 273 42 212 283 526 10.5*1 3.3e+14 7.4e+28 266 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event
    2013/07/04 12:36:06 132 59 188 250 542 11.5*1 5.7e+14 1.0e+29 136 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event; Only C2
    2013/07/04 20:12:05 111 188 468 358 391 -7.1 4.4e+15*2 4.9e+30*2 109 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Partial Halo
    2013/07/05 06:36:05 277 22 465 356 0 -16.0*1 3.5e+13 3.8e+28 266 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event
    2013/07/05 08:48:05 131 29 324 410 808 24.5*1 1.2e+14 6.4e+28 134 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Very Poor Event; Only C2
    2013/07/05 12:48:06 100 96 385 489 822 24.7*1 3.6e+14 2.6e+29 103 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Very Poor Event
    2013/07/05 17:12:05 137 67 234 276 559 11.3*1 1.6e+14 4.4e+28 150 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event; Only C2
    2013/07/05 21:36:06 142 27 117 70 0 -8.9*1 1.2e+14 8.1e+27 140 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Very Poor Event; Only C2
    2013/07/06 00:12:06 133 52 159 283 606 15.2*1 5.3e+14 6.8e+28 134 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event; Only C2
    2013/07/06 05:24:06 86 58 279 331 571 11.2*1 3.8e+13 1.5e+28 80 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event
    2013/07/06 06:24:05 255 50 261 362 457 8.1*1 1.3e+13 4.3e+27 256 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event
    2013/07/06 11:36:06 32 14 733 847 1720 106.8*1 ---- ---- 34 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Very Poor Event; Only C2
    2013/07/06 12:24:06 264 10 279 65 0 -123.9*1 ---- ---- 263 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Very Poor Event; Only C2
    2013/07/06 12:36:05 101 236 127 257 404 7.1*1 9.0e+14*2 7.2e+28*2 132 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Very Poor Event; Partial Halo
    2013/07/06 19:36:06 147 123 380 330 296 -4.0*1 2.7e+15*2 1.9e+30*2 127 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event; Partial Halo
    2013/07/06 23:24:06 133 60 357 437 513 8.1*1 8.9e+13 5.7e+28 124 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event
    2013/07/07 21:57:26 37 23 263 356 552 14.0*1 1.8e+13 6.2e+27 42 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event
    2013/07/07 22:36:05 17 7 279 340 691 18.3*1 ---- ---- 20 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event; Only C2
    2013/07/08 04:36:06 304 10 162 255 914 34.8*1 ---- ---- 303 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Very Poor Event; Only C2
    2013/07/08 08:48:06 113 22 194 264 963 38.4*1 3.6e+13 6.8e+27 115 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Very Poor Event; Only C2
    2013/07/09 12:00:06 117 37 652 1263 1812 135.9*1 2.8e+14 6.0e+29 121 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event
    2013/07/09 15:12:09 Halo 360 449 382 290 -7.7*1 3.4e+15*2 3.5e+30*2 174 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event
    2013/07/10 00:36:05 262 86 407 411 427 0.9*1 2.9e+14 2.4e+29 260 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event
    2013/07/10 03:12:09 58 13 732 790 1192 40.5*1 ---- ---- 51 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event; Only C2
    2013/07/10 08:36:05 189 66 161 314 290 3.7*1 1.4e+15 1.8e+29 202 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event
    2013/07/10 16:48:05 98 25 223 174 0 -10.0*1 6.7e+13 1.7e+28 102 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event; Only C2
    2013/07/10 17:24:06 356 20 141 158 186 0.8*1 5.8e+13 5.7e+27 350 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Very Poor Event
    2013/07/11 06:24:05 2 24 306 357 643 14.5*1 8.9e+13 4.2e+28 355 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Very Poor Event; Only C2
    2013/07/11 14:41:44 226 6 486 712 1824 134.7*1 ---- ---- 225 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Very Poor Event; Only C2
    2013/07/11 20:00:05 110 23 540 530 433 -4.9*1 4.0e+13 5.8e+28 113 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Very Poor Event
    2013/07/11 20:24:05 15 10 201 201 202 0.0*1 ---- ---- 13 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Very Poor Event
    2013/07/12 14:36:07 77 73 164 187 471 8.3*1 8.3e+13 1.1e+28 88 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event; Only C2
    2013/07/12 15:36:05 284 45 266 370 892 31.5*1 1.6e+14 5.8e+28 285 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Very Poor Event; Only C2
    2013/07/12 18:00:07 230 55 197 331 925 35.1*1 1.0e+14 2.0e+28 241 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event; Only C2
    2013/07/12 18:48:05 125 56 247 86 0 -44.2*1 4.8e+14 1.5e+29 122 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event; Only C2
    2013/07/13 06:24:05 133 43 271 273 294 0.6*1 1.5e+13 5.5e+27 135 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Very Poor Event; Only C2
    2013/07/13 11:00:05 131 43 206 250 607 14.1 7.7e+14 1.6e+29 138 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Only C2
    2013/07/13 12:12:06 139 73 315 219 0 -20.0 6.9e+14 3.4e+29 139 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Only C2
    2013/07/14 17:48:05 288 20 442 380 196 -8.7*1 1.2e+14 1.1e+29 287 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie
    2013/07/15 04:48:05 180 50 266 267 270 0.1 4.8e+14 1.7e+29 176 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie
    2013/07/15 12:48:05 191 123 209 196 162 -1.0*1 1.1e+15*2 2.3e+29*2 184 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Partial Halo
    2013/07/15 23:36:05 133 38 817 879 974 15.2*1 2.7e+14 8.9e+29 134 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie
    2013/07/16 02:24:06 324 83 354 543 451 7.0 6.9e+15 4.3e+30 319 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie
    2013/07/16 04:00:05 136 >132 578 655 639 6.5*1 1.7e+15*2 2.8e+30*2 148 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Uncertain Width; Partial Halo
    2013/07/16 16:36:07 229 78 352 371 369 1.0 1.5e+15 9.2e+29 232 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie
    2013/07/16 20:36:06 312 23 336 472 554 11.2*1 4.3e+13 2.4e+28 313 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie
    2013/07/16 20:57:25 267 21 270 367 651 16.7*1 6.8e+13 2.5e+28 271 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie
    2013/07/16 23:12:12 248 22 314 358 414 4.1*1 9.1e+12 4.5e+27 240 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event
    2013/07/17 06:00:06 321 28 255 278 384 3.9*1 4.6e+13 1.5e+28 316 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event
    2013/07/17 06:48:05 288 13 314 367 432 4.9*1 ---- ---- 289 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event
    2013/07/17 08:48:05 322 19 302 318 327 1.1*1 ---- ---- 322 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event
    2013/07/17 09:36:06 173 74 169 292 378 5.8*1 1.1e+15 1.5e+29 188 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event
    2013/07/17 09:48:05 269 76 355 410 746 19.3*1 1.6e+14 1.0e+29 283 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event; Only C2
    2013/07/17 10:00:06 83 73 104 163 352 5.0*1 5.3e+14 2.8e+28 86 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event; Only C2
    2013/07/17 13:25:50 320 19 350 397 456 5.1*1 ---- ---- 321 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event
    2013/07/17 17:24:05 310 10 288 389 446 6.9*1 ---- ---- 308 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event
    2013/07/17 20:00:06 177 45 256 244 221 -1.0*1 ---- ---- 175 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Very Poor Event
    2013/07/17 20:57:26 293 15 222 306 987 39.4*1 ---- ---- 293 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Very Poor Event; Only C2
    2013/07/17 22:00:06 74 59 246 189 0 -8.2*1 4.1e+14 1.2e+29 77 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie
    2013/07/17 22:36:06 293 8 346 353 380 1.2*1 ---- ---- 289 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Very Poor Event
    2013/07/17 22:36:06 356 19 127 174 558 12.7*1 ---- ---- 353 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Very Poor Event; Only C2
    2013/07/17 23:12:14 173 21 474 625 1270 62.8*1 ---- ---- 169 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event
    2013/07/18 01:36:18 79 30 56 42 0 -2.3*1 6.6e+13 1.0e+27 81 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Very Poor Event; Only C2
    2013/07/18 08:12:05 300 10 395 335 0 -9.9*1 ---- ---- 301 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Very Poor Event
    2013/07/18 09:12:09 229 15 228 326 533 10.9*1 ---- ---- 231 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event
    2013/07/18 11:12:06 232 14 263 200 0 -15.7*1 ---- ---- 235 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Very Poor Event; Only C2
    2013/07/18 15:24:06 165 12 314 305 277 -1.2*1 ---- ---- 169 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Very Poor Event
    2013/07/18 18:24:05 102 135 458 345 0 -17.3 4.9e+15*2 5.2e+30*2 90 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Partial Halo
    2013/07/18 20:24:05 102 63 939 946 945 1.2 4.1e+15 1.8e+31 101 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie width difficult to measure
    2013/07/19 01:25:50 172 20 223 278 419 6.3*1 7.7e+13 1.9e+28 169 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event
    2013/07/19 06:12:11 256 42 147 338 660 18.7*1 3.6e+14 3.9e+28 256 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Very Poor Event
    2013/07/19 06:36:06 308 10 248 304 480 8.3*1 ---- ---- 302 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Very Poor Event
    2013/07/19 08:48:29 215 37 185 225 738 21.4*1 5.9e+13 1.0e+28 214 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Very Poor Event; Only C2
    2013/07/19 11:24:05 165 12 276 313 360 3.1*1 ---- ---- 166 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Very Poor Event
    2013/07/19 21:24:05 110 47 274 409 468 9.6*1 1.8e+13 6.6e+27 123 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event
    2013/07/20 09:25:00 284 16 217 434 1367 88.9*1 ---- ---- 284 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event; Only 3 points
    2013/07/20 17:34:57 74 22 169 144 0 -5.1*1 1.8e+14 2.6e+28 75 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Very Poor Event; Only C2
    2013/07/20 20:46:40 74 22 201 219 276 1.8*1 3.3e+14 6.7e+28 74 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Very Poor Event
    2013/07/21 01:42:09 72 26 199 251 555 11.9*1 1.1e+14 2.3e+28 76 C2 C3 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event; Only C2
    2013/07/21 08:21:22 85 67 291 248 200 -2.8 3.8e+15 1.6e+30 78 C2 C3 PHTX DST Java Movie
    2013/07/21 15:36:05 16 24 290 424 453 7.7*1 2.9e+14 1.2e+29 17 C2 C3 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event
    2013/07/21 22:00:05 336 146 361 352 350 -0.6 3.7e+15*2 2.4e+30*2 341 C2 C3 PHTX DST Java Movie Partial Halo
    2013/07/22 06:24:05 Halo 360 1004 978 990 -3.4 8.0e+15*2 4.0e+31*2 285 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie
    2013/07/23 02:48:05 17 46 378 457 594 11.3*1 2.1e+13 1.5e+28 12 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event
    2013/07/23 05:48:05 11 32 402 471 582 9.4*1 1.4e+13 1.1e+28 11 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event
    2013/07/23 11:48:05 12 28 271 303 409 4.5*1 6.1e+13 2.2e+28 17 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event
    2013/07/23 11:48:05 140 81 283 481 503 10.5*1 7.6e+14 3.1e+29 138 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event
    2013/07/23 17:00:05 13 20 315 448 658 16.5*1 7.5e+13 3.7e+28 15 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Very Poor Event
    2013/07/23 22:00:05 5 52 278 375 388 5.1*1 1.9e+15 7.5e+29 18 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event
    2013/07/24 12:48:05 163 57 190 428 1744 125.1*1 1.2e+14*2 2.2e+28*2 158 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Very Poor Event; Only C2
    2013/07/25 02:24:05 336 71 331 554 475 8.7 5.4e+15 2.9e+30 341 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie
    2013/07/25 06:12:05 354 149 434 437 451 0.7*1 1.5e+15*2 1.4e+30*2 18 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Partial Halo
    2013/07/25 14:23:15 242 21 135 136 150 0.2*1 1.9e+14 1.8e+28 235 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event; Only C2
    2013/07/25 15:12:09 116 23 436 476 609 9.1*1 1.8e+14 1.7e+29 118 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event
    2013/07/25 16:48:05 0 8 447 383 261 -8.2*1 ---- ---- 10 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Very Poor Event
    2013/07/25 20:00:05 102 9 217 153 0 -21.1*1 ---- ---- 112 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Very Poor Event; Only C2
    2013/07/25 23:24:05 108 31 401 351 188 -6.9*1 3.2e+14 2.6e+29 106 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie
    2013/07/26 00:24:05 242 26 169 204 266 2.2*1 2.0e+14 2.8e+28 234 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Very Poor Event
    2013/07/26 06:48:05 353 23 236 334 632 16.5*1 7.4e+12 2.1e+27 5 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Very Poor Event
    2013/07/26 12:36:05 356 11 440 521 682 16.1*1 ---- ---- 9 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Very Poor Event
    2013/07/26 15:12:08 145 9 294 235 0 -54.7*1 ---- ---- 148 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Very Poor Event; Only C2
    2013/07/26 18:36:05 202 167 712 697 704 -1.3 5.5e+15*2 1.4e+31*2 228 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Partial Halo
    2013/07/27 01:25:48 242 23 317 366 568 10.4*1 8.0e+13 4.0e+28 247 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Very Poor Event
    2013/07/27 05:00:05 214 37 241 288 455 7.1*1 8.2e+12 2.4e+27 214 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event
    2013/07/27 14:24:05 231 17 165 156 15 -1.2*1 ---- ---- 231 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event; Only C2
    2013/07/28 03:48:07 124 33 211 302 1003 40.8*1 1.0e+14 2.3e+28 123 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Very Poor Event; Only C2
    2013/07/28 05:24:05 301 7 345 336 290 -1.9*1 ---- ---- 304 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Very Poor Event
    2013/07/28 10:48:05 75 92 202 486 436 7.9*1 4.4e+15 8.9e+29 66 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event
    2013/07/28 19:24:05 296 12 167 132 0 -18.2*1 ---- ---- 297 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Very Poor Event; Only C2
    2013/07/29 07:36:06 174 18 238 288 633 15.1*1 ---- ---- 171 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Very Poor Event; Only C2
    2013/07/29 10:36:05 155 124 226 181 0 -3.1*1 1.7e+15*2 4.4e+29*2 158 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Partial Halo
    2013/07/29 13:25:49 42 145 542 440 487 -7.4 2.9e+15*2 4.2e+30*2 47 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Partial Halo
    2013/07/29 16:12:05 179 94 325 340 356 1.3*1 1.8e+14 9.6e+28 186 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event
    2013/07/29 23:48:05 301 29 585 388 0 -48.4*1 1.3e+14 2.3e+29 306 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie
    2013/07/30 12:00:05 309 53 884 945 976 11.5*1 6.0e+14 2.4e+30 308 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie
    2013/07/30 12:00:05 149 123 338 358 396 2.3*1 6.4e+14*2 3.7e+29*2 146 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event; Partial Halo
    2013/07/31 06:00:05 292 25 606 435 201 -23.8*1 1.2e+14 2.3e+29 304 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie
    2013/07/31 18:00:05 69 88 441 504 563 7.1*1 7.1e+14 6.9e+29 80 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event
    2013/07/31 21:48:06 134 42 277 403 819 26.4*1 4.5e+14 1.7e+29 129 C2 C3 195 PHTX DST Java Movie Poor Event; Only C2

    *1 Acceleration is uncertain due to either poor height measurement or a small number of height-time measurements (See Section 3.4 of Yashiro et al. 2004 for details).
    *2 Mass and Kinetic Energy are uncertain due to poor mass estimate. Mass measurement assumes that the CME material is in the sky-plane. Kinetic Energy is obtained from the mass and linear speed (see Vourlidas et al. 2000 for details).